The key concepts from this chapter are summarised below.

1. Global investments are priced in foreign currencies. When investing internationally, Indian rupees must first be converted into the currency of the market where the investment is listed, such as USD for US stocks.

2. The exchange rate used by banks differs from the interbank rate. Banks apply a TT Selling Rate, which includes an FX markup over the interbank rate. This markup is often the largest cost when transferring money abroad.

3. International transfers include multiple cost components. The total cost of sending money abroad usually includes the FX markup, bank wire fee, and GST, which together can meaningfully affect the final amount invested.

4. Investors can transfer funds abroad through different routes. Common methods include direct bank remittances, platform–bank partnership transfers, or working with a bank relationship manager, each offering different trade-offs in cost, convenience, and control.